Are the expenses that a company incurs for normal cause of business. Includes cost of raw material, wages, etc.

 Mutual fund schemes that continuously offer new units to the public are called open-ended schemes. They offer units for sale without specifying any duration for redemption.

 The right to buy or sell a security after a particular period and at a particular price and quantity. There are generally two kind of options, call option and a put option. A call option gives the right to the buyer of the option to force the writer of the option to sell a particular stock at a prefixed price within a particular period. A put option gives the buyer a right to force the writer to buy a particular stock at a prefixed price.